Objective: to assess smoking cessation motivation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) depending on the intensity of smoking and the clinical picture of the disease.

Materials and methods. The study included 100 patients aged 36 to 81 years (62,0 [53,0; 69,0] years). A questionnaire was administered using the Horn test to determine the type of smoking behavior (HST), the Fagerstrom test to determine the degree of nicotine dependence (DND); and determination of smoking cessation using the Prohaska questionnaire. Statistical processing was performed using the Statistica 10 software package, using nonparametric statistics methods.

Results: All patients with COPD were tobacco smokers: 69 people were current smokers (group 1), 31 respondents were former smokers (group 2), and at the time of the examination, the period of smoking cessation was 1,5 years or more. The groups did not differ in age, duration of the smoking history and smoking index, COPD duration, dyspnea severity according to the mMRC scale, and post-bronchodilation FEV1. The SAT test in group 1 was 25,0 [20,0; 30,0] points, in group 2 – 21,0 [16,0; 30,0] points, p = 0,03. The predominant type of smoking behavior in both groups was the “Relaxation” type, detected in 46,38% and 58,06 %, respectively. Former smokers had a history of very weak degree of nicotine dependence more often and did not have weak or high degree of nicotine dependence. Degree of nicotine dependence in former smokers was 2,19 ± 2,46 points, in current smokers – 5,13 ± 2,43 points, p = 0,00002. Current smokers had not smoking cessation motivation in 44,92%, low motivation in 14,49%, high motivation in 40,57%. All smoking patients with very low degree of nicotine dependence had a strong smoking cessation motivation. Opposite, the majority of patients with very high degree of nicotine dependence (14 patients, 93.3%) showed no smoking cessation motivation. More than half of the patients with medium degree of nicotine dependence had higher smoking cessation motivation. Smoking cessation motivation did not depend on age, gender, COPD class and type of smoking behavior.

Conclusion: 69% of patients with COPD are current smokers, this group has a higher degree of nicotine dependence and greater severity of respiratory symptoms, compared with former smokers . Current smokers had not smoking cessation motivation in 44.92%, low motivation in 14.49%, high motivation in 40.57%. Smoking cessation motivation was lower in patients with high degree of nicotine dependence.

The aim is o study the spectrum of mnemotropic effects of a combination of licorice and leuzea flower extracts in individuals with moderate and high personal anxiety.

Materials and methods. 230 healthy subjects were divided into groups: 126 subjects with moderate anxiety and 104 subjects with high personal anxiety. The control group was comparable to the experimental group in terms of age and gender. To assess the state of long-term procedural, semantic, and episodic memory, the following psychometric tests were used: "memorizing a procedural skill with a 10-fold choice of direction in a virtual maze," "memorizing a list of 30 monosyllabic words after arithmetic counting," "memorizing 30 events dated in time after arithmetic counting." The analysis of the state of "supportive repetition" was carried out according to the test of "three-fold subvocal repetition of a list of monosyllabic words", and organizing repetition according to "identification of verbal information based on a semantic code in 3 sessions". Statistical processing of the obtained material was carried out using Biostat programs. Some of the studies were subject to the normal distribution law, in this case, the student's t-test and standard deviation (± SD) were calculated. If the studied indicators did not obey the law of normal distribution, nonparametric methods were used: comparison of independent samples using the Mann-Whitney U–test for paired features. The critical significance level when testing statistical hypotheses was assumed to be p <0.05. Voluntary informed consent to the study was obtained from all participants in the study.

Results. In the control group, the time to form a procedural skill in a spatial maze decreased by 9.1% against the background of an average score. In this case, there was a suppression of semantic verbal learning and episodic memorization of time-dated events by an average of 8–10%. Taking licorice with moderate anxiety increases the rate of acquisition of procedural skill by 14% (p<0,05). In the group of patients with high personal anxiety, licorice preparation reduces the time to acquire procedural skills by 25% (p<0,05), and there is also a positive effect of licorice preparation and a combination of plant extracts. The memorization of time-dated words and events increases by 12–15% (p<0,05) on the background of the use of licorice preparation. The combination of plant extracts significantly increases the learning rate involving semantic and episodic memory (by 21% and 27%, respectively, p<0,05). The results of control observations indicate that there is no significant effect of anxiety levels on the effects of reproduction in the subvocal supportive repetition test. On the contrary, the combination of preparations leads to a distinct increase in the effectiveness of organizing repetition based on a semantic code. In people with moderate anxiety, there is an increase in the effectiveness of organizing repetition by about 14%, and in the group with high personal anxiety by 42% (p<0,05).

Conclusion. The dependence of cognitive stimulation on the type of anxiety is clearly manifested when prescribing leuzea extract together with licorice and expands the therapeutic possibilities of the drug combination.

Objective. Development of a comprehensive algorithm for preoperative risk assessment in patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders.

Materials and methods. The study included patients aged 35–75 years with carbohydrate metabolism disorders scheduled for elective surgery. Acute inflammation, oncopathology and severe heart failure were excluded. Clinical, laboratory parameters and markers of endothelial dysfunction were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed in SPSS 23.0.

Results. A comprehensive algorithm for preoperative risk assessment in patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders has been developed. A total of 150 patients were examined (45 – with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 35 – with impaired glucose tolerance, 70 – with normoglycemia). The main risk factors for complications were identified: increased body mass index, arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia, and increased C-reactive protein. Patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders had a significant increase in the PAI-1 level and the number of desquamated endothelial cells. The average PAI-1 level in the diabetes group was 39.2 ± 7.8 ng/ml, which was significantly higher than in individuals with normoglycemia (22.7 ± 6.5 ng/ml, p < 0.001). The number of desquamated endothelial cells was also significantly increased: 9,1 ± 2,3 cells/μl in diabetes mellitus versus 4,6 ± 1,8 cells/μl in the control group (p < 0,01). Correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between HbA1c and PAI-1 (r=0.68, p<0.001). Multivariate regression analysis confirmed that carbohydrate metabolism disorders are an independent predictor of increased markers of endothelial dysfunction (β=0.41, p<0.01 for PAI-1).

Conclusions. A comprehensive algorithm for preoperative risk assessment in patients with carbohydrate metabolism disorders has been developed, taking into account traditional factors and markers of endothelial dysfunction. The algorithm provides a structured approach to risk assessment and management of patients in the perioperative period. The inclusion of PAI-1 and desquamated endothelial cells improved the accuracy of complication prediction by 15%. Validation showed high sensitivity (85%) and specificity (78%). The correlation of PAI-1 with cardiovascular risk factors was revealed.

Objective. To evaluate the parameters of daily pH-impedancemetry of the esophagus monitoring in case of comorbidity of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in comparison with monopathology of GERD.

Materials and methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted at the therapeutic department of the private healthcare institution Hospital “RZD medicine” in Irkutsk of two groups of patients: with GERD and GERD in combination with OSAS. GERD was verified in accordance with the clinical recommendations of the Russian Gastroenterological Association (2020), Lyon Consensus 2.0 (2024). The diagnosis of OSAS was established in accordance with the criteria of the Eurasian Association of Cardiologists and the Russian Society of Sleep Medicine (2024). Statistical processing of the obtained data was performed using Statistica 10.0 (StatSoft, USA).

Results. The GERD group included 14 patients (46,7%), the GERD and OSAS group included 16 patients, the groups were comparable by age and gender. In the GERD and OSAS group, compared with the GERD group, the following were higher: total AET (p = 0,04), in the supine position during sleep (p = 0,002); Demeester index (p = 0,013); duration of refluxes (p = 0,007); total number of refluxes (p = 0,06); in the supine position during sleep, the total number of refluxes (p = 0,002) and the number of refluxes reaching 19 cm above the LES (p = 0,051). In the GERD and OSAS group, compared with the GERD group, MNBI at the Z1 level (p = 0,003) and the PSPW index (p = 0,05) were lower.

Conclusion. In case of comorbidity of GERD and OSAS, in comparison with GERD, more pronounced low and high acid reflux, especially in the supine position, impaired esophageal clearance with a decrease in the MNBI and PSPW index were found.

The aim of the research. To determine the prevalence of symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction in women of Barnaul and their relationship with socio-demographic and clinical-anamnestic factors.

Materials and methods. The study included 400 women aged 18–45 years living in the city of Barnaul. The study was conducted using the questionnaires PFDI 20 (Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory Questionnaire) and FSFI 19 (Female sexual function index). A comparative analysis of socio-demographic and clinical data of patients with symptoms of dysfunction and normal pelvic floor function was carried out.

Results. Symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction are registered in 82% of women. Symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse are noted by 61% of women, urinary disorders – 68%, colorectal-anal symptoms are found in 59,5% of women. Symptoms of sexual dysfunction are registered in 60% of women. A relationship was found between the presence of pelvic floor dysfunction symptoms and a history of vaginal delivery (p = 0,005), a history of precipitous labor (p=0.02), delivery of a large fetus (p=0.000), perineal trauma during childbirth (p=0.000), abortions (p=0.001), adenomyosis (p=0.008), the presence of POP in first-degree relatives (p=0.001), chronic gastritis (p=0.002), constipation (p=0.000) and varicose veins of the lower extremities (p=0.05). Sexual dysfunction is statistically significantly more often recorded in women with a BMI of more than 25 kg/m2 (p=0.02).

Conclusions. Symptoms of pelvic floor dysfunction are highly prevalent among women of reproductive age. The relationship between the presence of pelvic floor dysfunction symptoms and socio-demographic and clinical-anamnestic factors women is determined.

Objective: to assess the state of the hemostasis system and the effectiveness of a prophylactic dose of anticoagulants in patients suffering from severe COVID-19 coronavirus infection during hospitalization.

Materials and methods. The study included patients diagnosed with acute community-acquired pneumonia who were admitted to the intensive care unit of the Kursk City Hospital No. 6, specialized during the pandemic in providing assistance to the adult population with coronavirus infection in the period from December 2020 to December 2021. The sample included data from 127 patients. All patients underwent CT scanning upon admission to confirm the diagnosis of bilateral pneumonia and PCR testing to confirm the diagnosis of COVID-19. A study of the blood hemostasis system was also performed for everyone within the first 24 hours after hospitalization. The diagnostic laboratory system "T2 Thrombodynamics Registrar" ("Gemacor", Moscow) was used.

Results. We found statistically significant differences between laboratory parameters in surviving and deceased patients: leukocytosis level, C-reactive protein level, blood lactate. It was found that in the first sample, these parameters were significantly lower than in the second. The conducted correlation analysis showed that deceased patients had a more pronounced state of hypercoagulation of the blood coagulation system and a higher risk of developing thromboinflammatory syndrome.

Conclusion. The state of the hemostasis system was assessed in patients suffering from severe coronavirus infection COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2, immediately upon hospitalization. The results suggest that the use of prophylactic anticoagulant therapy in patients with a new coronavirus infection may be ineffective and even dangerous due to the relationship between hemostasis disorders and adverse outcomes. Dosing of anticoagulants such as low molecular weight or unfractionated heparins should be based on clear targets, such as thrombodynamic parameters. This approach will significantly optimize the effectiveness of anticoagulant therapy in patients with COVID-19.

The aim of the research. To determine the level of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (β-NGF) in the blood serum of patients with ischemic stroke (atherothrombotic subtype) in the acute period and over time.

Materials and methods. The study involved 60 people (50% men and 50% women), who were divided into three groups of 20 people. Group I – healthy individuals; Group II – patients with hypertensive crisis without signs of target organ damage (uncomplicated hypertensive crisis); III – patients with a verified diagnosis of atherothrombotic ischemic stroke that developed against the background of a hypertensive crisis. Patients of groups I, II and III were comparable by gender, age, II and III also by comorbid background. The average age of patients was 56,3 (48,8; 63,3) years.

Results. Based on the results of the study, it was found that in individuals with uncomplicated hypertensive crisis, as well as in patients with ischemic stroke, an increase in the concentration of BDNF and β-NGF in the blood serum was recorded on the first day. TGF-β1 indicators changed only in patients with ischemic stroke. In the group of patients with ischemic stroke, an increase in BDNF, β-NGF, TGF-β1 indicators was observed from the first day from the onset of the disease and persisted throughout the study period. Positive correlations were found between the concentration of BDNF and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), as well as between the concentration of β-NGF and the number of points on the NIHSS scale, SBP and DBP levels.

Conclusion. The registered increase in the concentration of BDNF, β-NGF in patients with hypertensive crisis may indicate the activation of microglia due to damage to the brain as a target organ, even in the absence of neurological symptoms.

Aim. To analyze the relationship between coronary artery damage and the development of changes in cardiac rhythm and conductivity in patients with chronic coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Material and methods. A cross-sectional retrospective observational study was conducted among 222 patients with diagnosed coronary artery disease, the patients were divided into 2 groups: 126 patients with coronary artery disease and type 2 diabetes and 96 patients with coronary artery disease without carbohydrate metabolism disorders. Statistical processing was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 25.0, nonparametric statistical methods were used.

Results. In patients of the main group, there was a more frequent association of right coronary artery lesions with the presence of atrioventricular block (p = 0,021) and right bundle branch block (p = 0,019).

Conclusion. The analysis demonstrated that in patients with coronary heart disease in combination with type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease is an important link in the pathogenetic chain of cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disorders. The results obtained emphasize the need to use comprehensive methods to assess the risk of arrhythmias in patients with various clinical variants of coronary heart disease, especially in the presence of concomitant metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The aim of the study. To study the dynamics of changes in endogenous intoxication products in the blood serum of rabbits during leg bone lengthening according to Ilizarov under the influence of direct electric current on the regenerate zone.

Materials and methods. The study was performed on 49 male rabbits, which underwent leg bone lengthening according to Ilizarov. In both experimental groups, the procedure of electrical action on the bone was performed six times, repeating it after 48 hours. The current strength was 150 μA. The exposure time was 60 seconds. In the first group, the anode (+) of the device was connected to the spokes-electrodes distal to the osteotomy zone, the cathode (-) – proximal to the osteotomy. In the second group, the anode (+) was attached to the spokes-electrodes proximal to the osteotomy, the cathode (-) – distal to the osteotomy zone. Within the groups, the animals were divided into subgroups depending on the time of the onset of electrical exposure: immediately after surgery (subgroup 1.1, n = 11; subgroup 2.1, n = 9) and from 10 days after surgery (subgroup 1.2, n = 10; subgroup 2.2, n = 8). In the control group (n = 11), no electrical exposure was performed. Endogenous intoxication was assessed by the level of oligopeptides and substances of low and medium molecular weight (SLMM) in the blood serum.

Results. A significant increase in SLMM during the experiment was found only in the rabbits of the control group. The percentage of the catabolic pool among SLMM during the experiment was significantly increased in the animals of group 1.1 on the 5th day of distraction, for group 1.2 – from the 15th to the 20th day of distraction; in group 2.1 – on the 10th day of distraction; in group 2.2 – at the end of fixation. In all groups with electrical exposure, in contrast to the control, a decrease in the level of oligopeptides was noted during the period of fixation and up to 30 days after the removal of the device.

Conclusion. The effect of direct electric current on the distraction regenerate did not cause a significant increase in the products of endogenous intoxication in the blood of laboratory animals under the studied application modes.

Background. Experimental study of PTSD in animals helps to better understand the biological and behavioral mechanisms underlying it.

The aim of the research. To study the reactions of the hemodynamic homeostasis system to the action of a psychoemotional stressor.

Materials and methods. The study object was 24 male Wistar rats before and after stress stimulation in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used in Experimental Research and Directive 86/609/EEC for the Protection of Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Altai State Medical University” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Protocol No. 8 dated October 22, 2018. A model of mental trauma in rats caused by the experience of the death of one of the group members as a result of the actions of a predator was used as a stress factor. The state of blood flow was studied using an mDLS dynamic light scattering sensor using an original algorithmic approach. Diagnostic kits from Tekhnologiya-Standart (Russia) were selected as reagents for the hemostasis system. Statistical analysis was performed using the specialized R language version 4.1.3.

Results. Under the influence of the stressor, a decrease in the overall intensity of microcirculation shear processes is noted, reflected in the total index (HI). A significant increase in the magnitude of the low-speed pool of shear velocities (HI1) is observed. Changes in the speed balance are integrated in the HI1/HI3 ratio, which significantly increases in young animals. In the older age group, the reverse process of decreasing the balance index occurs. For this group, one can assume a lower reactivity of the homeostatic regulation systems due to exhaustion and the formation of the allostatic load stage. In older animals, a significant dispersion of indicators is observed, which may also reflect the instability of the regulatory mechanisms of homeostasis. In the study of hemodynamics, age-related differences were manifested by an almost twofold decrease in APTT, which indicates an increased level of thrombus formation in the framework of the primary hemodynamic response to a stressor of significant intensity.

Conclusion. Joint study of hemodynamics and hemostasis in laboratory animals helps to understand the reactions of regulatory systems and their age dynamics. The universality of the mechanisms of homeostatic regulation of the cardiovascular system allows extrapolation of data to humans.

Thrombin is the main driver of the linker mechanism for immune response and hemostasis. Due to its specific structure, which determines the selectivity of functional activity against cells of the inflammatory microenvironment, this serine proteinase is actively involved in the processes of inflammation and healing, carcinogenesis and pathological processes of immunity. The uniqueness of its action is revealed due to the presence of special receptors activated by proteinases (PARs). Such factors as their expression on different cell types, the spatiotemporal amount of thrombin, the localization of the pathological process in the body, pathology in the hemostasis and immunity system will determine the variants of events mediated by the presented serine proteinase.

The review presents current information on some mechanisms of interaction between the main effector cells of inflammation and thrombin with the participation of PARs. The molecular structure of the latter and the dependence of their functional activity on conformational states are considered. The role of thrombin as one of the main regulators of the immunoinflammation process is highlighted.

Severe burn injury (BI) is a condition frequently seen in pediatric intensive care practice, and its occurrence requires immediate admission of the patient to the intensive care unit. A child with 10% or more of their total body surface area affected may go into a state of burn shock, which does not produce noticeable hemodynamic and cerebral disturbances in the first few hours. Common aspects of emergency care include restoring airway patency and ensuring venous access, a task that may be complicated by skin burns. In severe BI, one obligatory component is fluid management, preferably with balanced crystalloid solutions, while the use of colloids is controversial. Enteral feeding must rely on formulas rich in protein, carbohydrates and micronutrients. Children with severe BI need adequate pain relief and sedation, as well as antibacterial treatment if an infection is found. Preventive steps should be taken against the development of stress ulcers. In the event of respiratory decompensation, the child is intubated and placed on mechanical ventilation; in the event of acute kidney injury, renal replacement therapy is initiated. The article describes specific details and aspects of intensive therapy in children and adolescents with inhalation injuries, carbon monoxide and cyanide poisoning, and electrical injury. The quality of inpatient emergency care in cases of BI should be improved in order to improve intensive treatment outcomes in this category of patients.

In recent years, there has been a tendency to increase the number of acute myocardial infarctions (AMI) in young people. The search and study of risk factors (FR), pathogenetic mechanisms of cardiovascular complications (CVD) and methods of targeted exposure continues.

One of the mechanisms of MTR is the pathology of the hemostasis system-. vascular-platelet (microvesicles), coagulation hemostasis (thrombin, tissue factor\tissue factor inhibitor) and fibrinolysis systems (coagulation factor II and XIII), an imbalance of which can lead to vascular catastrophes. In recent decades, microvesicles of various origins have been studied with precision.

Microvesicles are found in the blood normally, but in vascular catastrophes their number increases significantly in the first hours of developing pathology. To assess the quantity and quality of microvesicles may allow timely initiation of therapy, which will lead to a decrease in the focus of ischemia and the development of various early and long-term complications.

Normally, microvesicles act as protectors, and their increase occurs in pathological processes. An increase in the concentration of microvesicles of various natures (leukocyte, platelet, erythrocyte) has been studied in oncology, obstetrics and gynecology, as well as in cardiovascular pathology. The determination of microvesicles in the blood can allow stratification of patients into high-risk groups, will allow early therapy to begin.

The study of the hemostasis system, especially individual components (microvesicles), allows us to gain new knowledge about the mechanisms of AMI development in the absence of traditional risk factors, to identify prognostically significant biological markers, as well as their concentration, allowing us to predict the risk of coronary events and complications in young patients.

The main cause of increased mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is heart failure (HF). HF leads to an increase in the number of hospitalizations, a deterioration in the quality of life and prognosis. As the incidence of HF in DM2 is constantly increasing, there is increased interest in optimal diagnostic and prognostic algorithms using a panel of circulating biomarkers to ensure timely diagnosis, improve disease treatment and patient prognosis. As the number of new HF biomarkers is growing rapidly, this review outlines the most promising and accessible biomarkers associated with fibrosis, a key pathophysiological mechanism of HF, and describes their usefulness for the diagnosis, risk stratification, and screening of HF in DM2, as well as existing limitations.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common pathologies found in women of reproductive age. The article presents a modern view on the problem of the development of PCOS. Insulin resistance (IR) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome. An increased concentration of insulin leads to disturbances in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian system, resulting in hyperandrogenemia and anovulation. A number of studies indicate the emergence of a vicious circle between hyperandrogenemia and hyperinsulinemia, which aggravate each other through reciprocal mechanisms. One of the links in the pathogenesis of PCOS development may be oxidative stress, which is associated with damage to cell membranes, disruption of intracellular signaling, which leads to meta-inflammation and subsequent insulin resistance. Studies demonstrating the connection between the intestinal microbiota and insulin resistance deserve special attention. However, there is no clear understanding of what is primary in the pathogenesis – an imbalance of microorganisms in the intestine, which affects the development of PCOS, or, on the contrary, PCOS contributes to the occurrence of an imbalance of intestinal microbiota. Understanding the holistic picture of the mechanism of development of PCOS allows us to identify several vectors of pathogenetic therapy for this disease, among which an important place is occupied by the correction of meta-inflammation, insulin resistance, oxidative stress and normalization of the balance of intestinal microbiota. The presented review demonstrates the validity of these therapeutic priorities.

Introduction: Treatment of patients with chronic osteomyelitis of the foot bones is a complex surgical problem. Common, generally accepted methods of treatment do not solve the problem of restoring the ability to support and function of the limb; they often lead to a relapse of the purulent process, which subsequently causes the formation of an even larger tissue defect. Purpose: To analyze the features and indications of the developed methods for the treatment of osteomyelitis of the foot bones, based on controlled transosseous compression-distraction osteosynthesis according to G.A. Ilizarov presented in the literature.

Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted in various information systems (PubMed, MedLine, eLibrary.ru, State Scientific Library, Central Scientific Library, etc.) using the terms: “osteomyelitis of the foot”; "osteomyelitis of the foot bones"; “the Ilizarov method”, “treatment of osteomyelitis of the foot bones” over the past 10 years.

Results. Differentiated use of controlled transosseous compression-distraction osteosynthesis according to G.A. Ilizarov, in the treatment of patients with osteomyelitis of the foot bones, provides a number of advantages compared to existing treatment methods: persistent relief of the osteomyelitic process and healing of an infected ulcer without the use of microsurgical techniques, restoration of the weight-bearing ability of the limb with the maximum possible function of the foot.

Conclusion. The Ilizarov method allows avoiding complex microsurgical interventions and restores the supporting function of the limb. Further studies will help optimize approaches and improve clinical results, which is important for improving the quality of life of patients.

The key process for studying neuroplasticity is neurogenesis and the participation of hormones in it. The purpose of this review is to analyze the latest data obtained by researchers in this field and to form a general understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the action of hormones on the stages of neurogenesis. The literature was studied, including scientific domestic and foreign publications that were prepared mainly over the past five years.

The research methods were the analysis of primary sources and scientific results obtained by other authors. The use of comparative analysis made it possible to study and compare the types of action of hormones depending on the place of their synthesis. The use of the systemic-structural method made it possible to formulate the author’s diagram reflecting the influence of hormones on neurogenesis.

The review examines the influence of hormones on neurogenesis. It has been established that a decrease in the concentration of hormones or disruption of their metabolism can cause the development of pathological conditions. The similarities between neural and vascular networks in the mechanisms of their growth and development have been revealed.

The conclusion is formulated about the need to study the mechanisms of the relationship between neurogenesis and angiogenesis in order to identify new molecules that regulate the activity of proneurogenic or proangiogenic cells.

The issues of ectopic coronary artery calcification (ECC) attract the attention of researchers. Calcium deposition in atherosclerotic plaques poses the problem of choosing a revascularization method for cardiovascular surgeons, namely, choosing an anastomosis fixation point when performing aortocoronary bypass grafting (ACB). Patients with ectopic calcium deposits in the coronary vessels are most often defined as a group of very high cardiovascular risk, in this regard, the use of drugs capable of influencing the formation of calcinates in the coronary arteries is actively discussed. In most publications, the authors discuss the mechanisms of formation and the search for markers of coronary calcification. Opinions that CAC is the final stage of the atherosclerotic process are divided. Currently, a number of researchers consider the process of CAC formation as active with the involvement of inflammatory mechanisms. Evidence of this is an increase in the content of proinflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein. Active systemic inflammation against the background of atherosclerotic lesions of the arterial walls leads to the development of fibrosis and calcification of the intercellular substance of the arterial wall. Publications available to date show that the development of CAC may be due to genetic predisposition, but genetic markers have not yet been clearly defined, so their search can help to uncover the mechanisms of ectopic calcification. The review presents literature data on the study of the mechanisms of CAC.

Anaplastic thyroid cancer is a highly aggressive malignant neoplasm characterized by rapid growth and an extremely unfavorable prognosis. The incidence of this tumor is 1-2% of all thyroid cancer cases. Diagnosis of this type of malignant tumor is often associated with significant difficulties associated with a large morphological diversity of tumor cells. The article presents a clinical case reflecting the difficulties in diagnosing anaplastic thyroid cancer. The role and capabilities of radiation, cytological, pathological, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic research methods for the timely diagnosis of this type of malignant neoplasm are discussed. It is necessary to remember the possibility of detecting anaplastic thyroid cancer in patients with a tumor with signs of malignancy in the organ not only to oncologists, but also to therapists, endocrinologists and surgeons for timely referral and additional examination of patients, given the extremely unfavorable prognosis of the disease.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare and aggressive malignant neoplasm with an average life expectancy of 3–6 months after diagnosis. The incidence of the disease is 0,58 per 100,000 population. Early symptoms, such as discomfort and decreased appetite, are nonspecific, while late stages are characterized by mechanical jaundice in 90% of cases. This article discusses a case of cholangiocarcinoma diagnosed in a 37-year-old patient during the postpartum period. The discussion emphasizes the difficulties in diagnosing this malignant neoplasm, especially during pregnancy. The low incidence of the disease and the variety of causes of mechanical jaundice complicate early diagnosis, often leading to the identification of the disease at terminal stages. To improve outcomes, increased attention from healthcare professionals to oncological diseases in pregnant women is necessary.

A review of contemporary literature is presented, covering the causes, clinical features, laboratory criteria, and management strategies for patients with methanol poisoning. and a clinical example of successful intensive care of methanol poisoning in a dose many times higher than the lethal one.