<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">zabmedvestnik</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Забайкальский медицинский вестник</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Transbaikalian Medical Bulletin</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="epub">1998-6173</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Читинская государственная медицинская академия</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.52485/19986173_2026_1_77</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">zabmedvestnik-526</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Субпопуляция и функциональная активность регуляторных Т-лимфоцитов у больных с хроническим полипозным риносинуситом</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Subpopulation and functional activity of regulatory T-lymphocytes in patients with chronic polyposis rhinosinusitis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3175-1432</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маниковская</surname><given-names>Т. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Manikovskaya</surname><given-names>T. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Татьяна Михайловна Маниковская, ассистент</p><p>кафедра отоларингологии</p><p>672000; ул. Горького, 39а; Чита</p><p>РИНЦ – AuthorID: 1175624</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant</p><p>Department of Otolaryngology</p><p>672000; 39a Gorky St.; Chita</p><p>RSCI – AuthorID: 1175624</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tmanikovskaya@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8215-2398</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егорова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Владимировна Егорова, д. м. н., заведующая кафедрой</p><p>кафедра отоларингологии</p><p>672000; ул. Горького, 39а; Чита</p><p>РИНЦ – AuthorID: 769223</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Sciences, Head of the Department</p><p>Department of Otolaryngology</p><p>672000; 39a Gorky St.; Chita</p><p>RSCI – AuthorID: 769223</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">egorovaelen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0724-0352</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фефелова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fefelova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Елена Викторовна Фефелова, д. м. н., доцент, профессор</p><p>кафедра патологической физиологии</p><p>672000; ул. Горького, 39а; Чита</p><p>РИНЦ – AuthorID: 520408</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor, Professor</p><p>Department of Pathological Physiology</p><p>672000; 39a Gorky St.; Chita</p><p>RSCI – AuthorID: 520408</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fefelova.elena@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8601-3499</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Терешков</surname><given-names>П. П.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tereshkov</surname><given-names>P. P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Павел Петрович Терешков, к. м. н., заведующий лабораторией</p><p>НИИ молекулярной биологии; лаборатория экспериментальной и клинической биохимии и иммунологии </p><p>672000; ул. Горького, 39а; Чита</p><p>РИНЦ - AuthorID: 520402</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Medical Sciences, Head of the Laboratory</p><p>Research Institute of Molecular Biology; Laboratory of Experimental andClinical Biochemistry and Immunology</p><p>672000; 39a Gorky St.; Chita</p><p>RSCI - AuthorID: 520402</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tpp6915@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0975-2351</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цыбиков</surname><given-names>Н. Н.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsybikov</surname><given-names>N. N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Намжил Нанзатович Цыбиков, д. м. н., профессор, заведующий кафедрой</p><p>кафедра патофизиологии</p><p>672000; ул. Горького, 39а; Чита</p><p>РИНЦ – AuthorID: 520407</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Head of the Department</p><p>Department of Pathophysiology</p><p>672000; 39a Gorky St.; Chita</p><p>RSCI – AuthorID: 520407</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">thybikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО «Читинская государственная медицинская академия» Министерства&#13;
здравоохранения РФ</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Chita State Medical Academy, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>05</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Маниковская Т.М., Егорова Е.В., Фефелова Е.В., Терешков П.П., Цыбиков Н.Н., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Маниковская Т.М., Егорова Е.В., Фефелова Е.В., Терешков П.П., Цыбиков Н.Н.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Manikovskaya T.M., Egorova E.V., Fefelova E.V., Tereshkov P.P., Tsybikov N.N.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.zabmedvestnik.ru/jour/article/view/526">https://www.zabmedvestnik.ru/jour/article/view/526</self-uri><abstract><p>   Преодоление терапевтической резистентности при хроническом полипозном риносинусите (ПРС) напрямую связано с признанием его иммунологической гетерогенности. Современная парадигма рассматривает ПРС как спектр различных эндотипов (Th1, Th2, Th17), каждый из которых требует специфического таргетногот подхода, что делает детальное иммунопрофилирование основой для персонализированной стратегии лечения.</p><sec><title>   Цель исследования</title><p>   Цель исследования: изучение численного состава и функциональной активности Т-регуляторных лимфоцитов с различной степенью дифференцировки в зависимости от типа иммунного ответа (ИО) у больных с хроническим полипозным риносинуситом (ПРС).</p></sec><sec><title>   Материалы и методы</title><p>   Материалы и методы. В исследование были включены 44 пациента, страдающих хроническим полипозным риносинуситом. Группа контроля представлена 20 пациентами без хронического риносинусита и сопутствующей патологии, оперированных по поводу септопластики. Методом кластерного анализа (к-средних) все пациенты были разделены на три кластера: 1-й – пациенты, имеющие Т-хелпер 1 типа ИО, 2-й – Т хелпер 2 типа, 3-й – Т хелпер 17 типа ИО. Изучали содержание Treg-клеток с фенотипом CD4+CD25hiCD127low в венозной крови обследуемых. Уровни цитокинов (IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β1, TNF-α) определяли в сыворотке крови и гомогенатах тканей с помощьюсистемы мультиплексного анализа «Human Essential Immune Response Panel» компании «Biolegend» (США).</p></sec><sec><title>   Результаты</title><p>   Результаты. Общее количество Treg увеличено при Th-2 и Тh-1 ИО, при Th-17 ответе оно было минимально. Пул наивных Treg сохранен только при Тh-2 ИО. Наблюдалось прогрессирующее снижение Treg памяти от Th-1/Th-2 к Th-17 ответу. Выявленны системные нарушения цитокинового баланса, объясняющие различные механизмы патогенеза формирования полипов носа при разных типах иммунного ответа.</p></sec><sec><title>   Заключение</title><p>   Заключение. Установлены различия в состоянии регуляторного звена иммунитета у пациентов с различными иммунными эндотипами хронического полипозного риносинусита, которые проявляются на уровне как клеточного состава, так и функциональной активности T-регуляторных лимфоцитов, носящих разнонаправленный характер в зависимости от иммунного эндотипа ПРС. Конкордантность изменений клеточного и цитокинового профилей в периферической крови и ткани полипа подтверждает системный характер иммунопатологических нарушений при ПРС.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>   Overcoming therapeutic resistance in chronic polypous rhinosinusitis (CRS) is directly linked to the recognition of its immunological heterogeneity. The modern paradigm views CRS as a spectrum of distinct endotypes (Th1, Th2, Th17), each requiring a specific targeted approach, making detailed immune profiling the cornerstone of personalized treatment strategies.</p><sec><title>   Objective</title><p>   Objective. To study the numerical composition and functional activity of T-regulatory lymphocytes at different stages of differentiation depending on the immune response type in patients with chronic polypous rhinosinusitis.</p></sec><sec><title>   Materials and Methods</title><p>   Materials and Methods. The study included 44 patients suffering from chronic polypous rhinosinusitis. The control group consisted of 20 patients without chronic rhinosinusitis and concomitant pathology who underwent septoplasty. Using cluster analysis (k-means), all patients were divided into three clusters: 1st – patients with T helper 1 type immune response, 2nd – T helper 2 type, 3rd – T helper 17 type immune response. The content of Treg cells with the CD4+CD25hiCD127low phenotype in the venous blood of the subjects and the levels of cytokines (IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β1, TNF-α) in blood serum and tissue homogenates were studied using the multiplex analysis system "Human Essential Immune Response Panel" by Biolegend (USA).</p></sec><sec><title>   Results</title><p>   Results. The total number of Treg was increased in Th-2 and Th-1 immune responses, while it was minimal in the Th-17 response. The pool of naive Treg was preserved only in the Th-2 immune response. A progressive decrease in memory Treg was observed from the Th-1/Th-2 to the Th-17 response. Systemic disturbances in cytokine balance have been identified, explaining various mechanisms of pathogenesis of nasal polyps formation with different types of immune response.</p></sec><sec><title>   Conclusion</title><p>   Conclusion. Differences in the state of the immune regulatory system were established in patients with various immune endotypes of chronic polypous rhinosinusitis, manifested both at the level of cellular composition and the functional activity of T regulatory lymphocytes, which have a divergent nature depending on the CRS immune endotype. The concordance of changes in the cellular and cytokine profiles in peripheral blood and polyp tissue confirms the systemic nature of immunopathological disorders in CRS.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хронический полипозный риносинусит</kwd><kwd>типы иммунного ответа</kwd><kwd>субпопуляции Т-регуляторных лимфоцитов</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>chronic polypous rhinosinusitis</kwd><kwd>immune response types</kwd><kwd>T-regulatory lymphocyte subpopulations</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке ФГБОУ ВО «Читинская государственная медицинская академия» Минздрава РФ в рамках утвержденного плана НИР</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was carried out with the financial support of the Chita State Medical Academy of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The work was carried out within the approved research plan</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bachert C., Han J.K., Wagenmann M., et al. EUFOREA expert board meeting on uncontrolled severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and biologics: Definitions and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021 Jan. 147 (1). 29–36. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bachert C., Han J.K., Wagenmann M., et al. EUFOREA expert board meeting on uncontrolled severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and biologics: Definitions and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021 Jan. 147 (1). 29–36. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов М.О., Максименя М.В., Караваева Т.М. и соавт. Клинические и некоторые биохимические особенности риносинуситов различной этиологии. Вестник оториноларингологии. 2019. 84 (3). 41–45.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov M.O., Maksimenya M.V., Karavaeva T.M., et al. Clinical and some biochemical features of rhinosinusitis of various etiologies. Vestnik otorinolaringologii. 2019. 84 (3). 41–45. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zahran A.M., El-Badaway O., Elsayh I.K.I., Osman M.M. Delineation of T cell subsets in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2022 Oct. 42 (5). 441–449. doi: 10.14639/0392-100X-N2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zahran A.M., El-Badaway O., Elsayh I.K.I., Osman M.M. Delineation of T cell subsets in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital. 2022 Oct. 42 (5). 441–449. doi: 10.14639/0392-100X-N2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu Z., Huang Y., Meese T., et al. The multi-omics single-cell landscape of sinus mucosa in uncontrolled severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Clin Immunol. 2023 Nov. 256. 109791. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109791.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu Z., Huang Y., Meese T., et al. The multi-omics single-cell landscape of sinus mucosa in uncontrolled severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Clin Immunol. 2023 Nov. 256. 109791. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109791.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Toppila-Salmi S., Reitsma S., Hox V., et al. Endotyping in Chronic Rhinosinusitis-An EAACI Task Force Report. Allergy. 2025 Jan. 80 (1). 132–147. doi: 10.1111/all.16418.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Toppila-Salmi S., Reitsma S., Hox V., et al. Endotyping in Chronic Rhinosinusitis-An EAACI Task Force Report. Allergy. 2025 Jan. 80 (1). 132–147. doi: 10.1111/all.16418.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koh C.H., Lee S., Kwak M., Kim B.S., Chung Y. CD8 T-cell subsets: heterogeneity, functions, and therapeutic potential. Exp Mol Med. 2023 Nov. 55 (11). 2287–2299. doi: 10.1038/s12276-023-01105-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koh C.H., Lee S., Kwak M., Kim B.S., Chung Y. CD8 T-cell subsets: heterogeneity, functions, and therapeutic potential. Exp Mol Med. 2023 Nov. 55 (11). 2287–2299. doi: 10.1038/s12276-023-01105-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seder R.A., Ahmed R. Similarities and differences in CD4+ and CD8+ effector and memory T cell generation. Nat Immunol. 2003 Sep. 4 (9). 835–842. doi: 10.1038/ni969.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seder R.A., Ahmed R. Similarities and differences in CD4+ and CD8+ effector and memory T cell generation. Nat Immunol. 2003 Sep. 4(9). 835-842. doi: 10.1038/ni969.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zebley C.C., Akondy R.S., Youngblood B.A., Kissick H.T. Defining the Molecular Hallmarks of T-Cell Memory. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2022 Mar. 1. 14 (3). a037804. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037804.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zebley C.C., Akondy R.S., Youngblood B.A., Kissick H.T. Defining the Molecular Hallmarks of T-Cell Memory. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2022 Mar. 1. 14 (3). a037804. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a037804.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lei C., Jiang J., Zhang Y., Xiong G. Role and Function of Regulatory T Cell in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis. J Immunol Res. 2022 Mar. 26. 2022. 1144563. doi: 10.1155/2022/1144563.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lei C., Jiang J., Zhang Y., Xiong G. Role and Function of Regulatory T Cell in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis. J Immunol Res. 2022 Mar. 26. 2022. 1144563. doi: 10.1155/2022/1144563.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong D., Sindhava V.J., Ganesan A., et al. Normal Treg homeostasis and suppressive function require both FOXP1 and FOXP4. JCI Insight. 2025 Aug 12. 10 (18). e195981. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.195981.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dong D., Sindhava V.J., Ganesan A., et al. Normal Treg homeostasis and suppressive function require both FOXP1 and FOXP4. JCI Insight. 2025 Aug. 12. 10 (18). e195981. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.195981.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xu Z., Li R., Wang L., et al. Pathogenic role of different phenotypes of immune cells in airway allergic diseases: a study based on Mendelian randomization. Front Immunol. 2024 May 15. 15. 1349470. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1349470.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xu Z., Li R., Wang L., et al. Pathogenic role of different phenotypes of immune cells in airway allergic diseases: a study based on Mendelian randomization. Front Immunol. 2024 May 15. 15. 1349470. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1349470.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang Y., Yan B., Meng C., Zhang L., Wang C. Matrix metalloproteinases in chronic rhinosinusitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2024 May. 20 (5). 547–558. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2024.2302362.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang Y., Yan B., Meng C., Zhang L., Wang C. Matrix metalloproteinases in chronic rhinosinusitis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2024 May. 20 (5). 547–558. doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2024.2302362.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Calus L., Van Bruaene N., Bosteels C., et al. Twelve-year follow-up study after endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Clin Transl Allergy. 2019 Jun. 14. 9. 30. doi: 10.1186/s13601-019-0269-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Calus L., Van Bruaene N., Bosteels C., et al. Twelve-year follow-up study after endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. Clin Transl Allergy. 2019 Jun. 14. 9. 30. doi: 10.1186/s13601-019-0269-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang Y., Zhang N., Xu Z., Zhang L., Bachert C. The Development of the Mucosal Concept in Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Its Clinical Implications. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022 Mar. 10 (3). 707–715. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.10.054.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang Y., Zhang N., Xu Z., Zhang L., Bachert C. The Development of the Mucosal Concept in Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Its Clinical Implications. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022 Mar. 10 (3). 707–715. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2021.10.054.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">So K., Bertolini T.B., Krishnan P., et al. Distinct functions and transcriptional signatures in orally induced regulatory T cell populations. Front Immunol. 2023 Oct. 26. 14. 1278184. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1278184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">So K., Bertolini T.B., Krishnan P., et al. Distinct functions and transcriptional signatures in orally induced regulatory T cell populations. Front Immunol. 2023 Oct. 26. 14. 1278184. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1278184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu S., Zhou N., Li Q., Liu X. Rewiring immune suppression in NSCLC: Roles and plasticity of Tregs and Th17 cells. Front Immunol. 2025 Oct. 16. 16. 1658848. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1658848.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu S., Zhou N., Li Q., Liu X. Rewiring immune suppression in NSCLC: Roles and plasticity of Tregs and Th17 cells. Front Immunol. 2025 Oct. 16. 16. 1658848. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2025.1658848.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saxena V., Lienesch D.W., Zhou M., et al. Dual roles of immunoregulatory cytokine TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity-mediated organ damage. J Immunol. 2008 Feb. 1. 180 (3). 1903–1912. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1903.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saxena V., Lienesch D.W., Zhou M., et al. Dual roles of immunoregulatory cytokine TGF-beta in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity-mediated organ damage. J Immunol. 2008 Feb. 1. 180 (3). 1903-1912. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.3.1903.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koh C.H., Kim B.S., Kang C.Y., Chung Y., Seo H. IL-17 and IL-21: Their Immunobiology and Therapeutic Potentials. Immune Netw. 2024 Jan. 19. 24 (1). e2. doi: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e2.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koh C.H., Kim B.S., Kang C.Y., Chung Y., Seo H. IL-17 and IL-21: Their Immunobiology and Therapeutic Potentials. Immune Netw. 2024 Jan. 19. 24 (1). e2. doi: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e2.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim H.S., Jang S.W., Lee W., et al. PTEN drives Th17 cell differentiation by preventing IL-2 production. J Exp Med. 2017 Nov 6. 214 (11). 3381–3398. doi: 10.1084/jem.20170523.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim H.S., Jang S.W., Lee W., et al. PTEN drives Th17 cell differentiation by preventing IL-2 production. J Exp Med. 2017 Nov 6. 214 (11). 3381–3398. doi: 10.1084/jem.20170523.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dienz O., Rincon M. The effects of IL-6 on CD4 T cell responses. Clin Immunol. 2009 Jan. 130 (1). 27–33. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.08.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dienz O., Rincon M. The effects of IL-6 on CD4 T cell responses. Clin Immunol. 2009 Jan. 130 (1). 27–33. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.08.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoshida H., Magi M., Tamai H., et al. Effects of interleukin-6 signal inhibition on Treg subpopulations and association of Tregs with clinical outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2024 Sep. 1. 63 (9). 2515-2524. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keae196.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoshida H., Magi M., Tamai H., et al. Effects of interleukin-6 signal inhibition on Treg subpopulations and association of Tregs with clinical outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology. 2024 Sep. 1. 63 (9). 2515–2524. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keae196.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aliyu M., Zohora F.T., Anka A.U., et al. Interleukin-6 cytokine : An overview of the immune regulation, immune dysregulation, and therapeutic approach. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022 Oct. 111. 109130. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109130.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aliyu M., Zohora F.T., Anka A.U., et al. Interleukin-6 cytokine : An overview of the immune regulation, immune dysregulation, and therapeutic approach. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022 Oct. 111. 109130. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109130.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Смирнова О.В., Синяков А.А. Иммунитет при хроническом риносинусите и коморбидных состояниях. Российский иммунологический журнал. 2024. 27 (3). 635–642. doi: 10.46235/1028-7221-16682-IIC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Smirnova O.V., Sinyakov A.A. Immunity in chronic rhinosinusitis and comorbid conditions. Rossiiskii immunologicheskii zhurnal. 2024. 27 (3). 635–642. doi: 10.46235/1028-7221-16682-IIC. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Laidlaw T.M., Mullol J., Woessner K.M., Amin N., Mannent L.P. Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps and Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Mar. 9 (3). 1133–1141. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.09.063.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Laidlaw T.M., Mullol J., Woessner K.M., Amin N., Mannent L.P. Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps and Asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Mar. 9 (3). 1133–1141. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.09.063.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bachert C., Luong A.U., Gevaert P., et al. The Unified Airway Hypothesis: Evidence From Specific Intervention With Anti-IL-5 Biologic Therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023 Sep. 11 (9). 2630–2641. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.05.011.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bachert C., Luong A.U., Gevaert P., et al. The Unified Airway Hypothesis: Evidence From Specific Intervention With Anti-IL-5 Biologic Therapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2023 Sep. 11 (9). 2630–2641. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2023.05.011.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
